Relación entre el estreñimiento y la calidad de vida de las personas en tratamiento renal sustitutivo con hemodiálisis / Relationship between constipation and the quality of life of individuals undergoing renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis

Introducción:El estreñimiento es un problema frecuente en pacientes en hemodiálisis, asociado, entre otros aspectos a comorbilidad, polimedicación y restricciones hídricas y dieté-ticas, pudiendo llegar a afectar la calidad de vida. Objetivos: Analizar la relación del estreñimiento en la calidad de vida de pacientes en hemodiálisis, determinar la prevalen-cia del estreñimiento objetivo y subjetivo, y analizar las varia-bles más influyentes. Material y Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo trans-versal en una unidad de hemodiálisis hospitalaria. Se emplea-ron los Criterios Diagnósticos Roma IV (2016) y escala visual Bristol para evaluar el estreñimiento. Para evaluar la calidad de vida, el cuestionario CVE-20. Resultados: Se estudiaron 38 pacientes (58% hombres) con una edad media de 68,69±12,76 años, tiempo en hemodiá-lisis de 44±37,19 meses y el 31,57% eran sedentarios. La ingesta hídrica diaria fue de 1004,05±460,13 ml y diuresis 658,11±696,47 ml. El índice de Charlson fue 8,15±2,29 pun-tos. El 45% presentaron estreñimiento subjetivo y 42% obje-tivo. Los pacientes con estreñimiento fueron: 56% mujeres, con edad media de 67,81±14,88 años y tiempo en hemodiá-lisis de 40,06±32,97 meses; 12% tenían pautados opioides, 44% quelantes del fósforo, 56% hierro intravenoso y 25% laxantes. La calidad de vida fue inferior en los pacientes es-treñidos (53,06 vs 69,62 puntos); existiendo diferencias signi-ficativas en todas las dimensiones del cuestionario.Conclusiones: En los pacientes en hemodiálisis existe una importante prevalencia de estreñimiento, siendo más pre-valente en mujeres. Este estreñimiento está asociado a peor percepción de la calidad de vida (AU)

Introducción: Constipation is a frequent issue in hemodialy-sis patients, associated, among other factors, with comorbidi-ty, polypharmacy, and restrictions in fluid and dietary intake, potentially affecting the quality of life.Objectives: To analyze the relationship between constipation and the quality of life of hemodialysis patients, determine the prevalence of objective and subjective constipation, and analyze the most influential variables.Material and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive obser-vational study in a hospital hemodialysis unit. The Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria (2016) and the Bristol Visual Scale were used to assess constipation. Quality of life was evaluated using the CVE-20 questionnaire.Results: A total of 38 patients were studied (58% males) with a mean age of 68.69±12.76 years, a hemodialysis du-ration of 44±37.19 months, and 31.57% were sedentary. aily fluid intake was 1004.05±460.13 ml, and diuresis was 658.11±696.47 ml. The Charlson index was 8.15±2.29 points. Subjective constipation was present in 45%, and ob-jective constipation in 42%. Patients with constipation were 56% females, with a mean age of 67.81±14.88 years, and hemodialysis duration of 40.06±32.97 months; 12% were prescribed opioids, 44% phosphorus binders, 56% intra-venous iron, and 24% laxatives. Quality of life was lower in constipated patients (53.06 vs. 69.62 points), with significant differences in all dimensions of the questionnaire.Conclusions: Hemodialysis patients have a significant preva-lence of constipation, more prevalent in females. This consti-pation is associated with a poorer perception of quality of life (AU)

[Multidisciplinary nutritional consensus on assessment and nutritional dietary treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection]. / Consenso multidisciplinar sobre la valoración y el tratamiento nutricional y dietético en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2. Consenso de nutrición en enfermedad renal crónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2.

The presence of malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high, it can be made worse by SARS-CoV-2 infection.The nutritional assessment should be adapted to minimize the infection, recommending monitoring: weight loss percentage, body mass index (BMI), loss of appetite, analytical parameters and functional capacity using the dynamometer. As well as the sarcopenia assessment using the SCARF scale, and the possibility of using the GLIM criteria in those patients who have been tested positive by MUST.It is important to adapt the nutritional recommendations in the caloric and protein intake, to the CKD stage and to the SARS-CoV-2 infection stage. In patients with hypercatabolism, to prioritize preserving the nutritional status (35 kcal/kg weight/day, proteins up to 1.5 g/kg/day). The rest of the nutrients will be adapted to CKD stage and the analytical values.In the post-infection stage, a complete nutritional assessment is recommended, including sarcopenia. The energy and protein requirements in this phase will be adapted to the nutritional status, with special attention to the loss of muscle mass.Dietary recommendations need to be tailored to side effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: anorexia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and diarrhea.Anorexia and hypercatabolism makes it difficult to meet the requirements through diet, therefore the use of oral nutritional supplements is recommended as well as the enteral or parenteral nutrition in severe phases.

Utilidad del MAPA y bioimpedancia para el tratamiento y control de la HTA en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica / Usefulness of ABPM and bioimpedance for the treatment and control of hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hipertensión arterial (HTA) en los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) es muy frecuente y se asocia a un aumento de la morbimortalidad. Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo han sido: 1. Conocer la tensión arterial (TA) en la sesión de HD. 2. Estudiar la TA, en el periodo interdialítico, mediante monitorización ambulatoria de presión arterial (MAPA) de 44 horas. 3. Conocer la concordancia entre la TA en la sesión de HD y MAPA. 4. Valorar los cambios de tratamiento después de la realización del MAPA. 5. Realizar una bioimpedancia espectroscópica (BIS) a todos los pacientes y en los hiperhidratados e hipertensos, según MAPA, valorar cambios en la TA después de ajustar el peso seco (PS). 6. Conocer factores asociados a la TA sistólica (TAS) y TA diastólica (TAD) promedio del MAPA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional, que incluyó a 100 pacientes de nuestra unidad de diálisis. Se han recogido las tensiones pre y post-HD, durante dos semanas y, posteriormente, colocamos a los pacientes un aparato de MAPA a mitad de semana, durante 44 horas. Previo a comenzar la siguiente sesión de diálisis, realizamos una BIS. A aquellos pacientes hiperhidratados e hipertensos, según MAPA, se les realizó un segundo MAPA para valorar cambios en los valores de TA. RESULTADOS: Según MAPA, el 65% de pacientes presentaron una TA diurna > 135/85 mmHg, 90% TA nocturna > 120/70 mmHg y 76% TA promedio > 130/80 mmHg. El 11% presentó un patrón dipper, 51% no dipper y 38% riser. Las TAS y TAD promedio fueron 4,7 mmHg (3,8%) y 1,1 mmHg (1,64%) más altas el segundo día. En el 6% de pacientes fue necesario bajar la dosis de antihipertensivos, 9% suspenderlos, 28% aumentar dosis y 17% añadir un nuevo fármaco. La TAD pre-HD es la que mejor concordancia presenta con el MAPA. Después de realizar BIS y ajustar PS hubo un descenso significativo en todas las cifras de TA. El análisis univariante mostró que la TAS promedio fue más alta en pacientes con baño alto en calcio, mayor cantidad de fármacos antihipertensivos y mayores dosis de eritropoyetina (EPO). El análisis multivariante mostró asociación significativa para EPO y número de fármacos (p < 0,01). La TAD promedio fue más alta en pacientes más jóvenes, con Charlson más bajos, menor índice de masa corporal (IMC), menos diuresis, no diabéticos y con mayores dosis de EPO. El estudio de regresión lineal mostró como variables significativas la edad (p < 0,005), IMC (p < 0,03) y EPO (p < 0,03). CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio muestra: 1. La variabilidad de criterio de HTA, según utilicemos cifras de TA durante la sesión de HD o MAPA. 2. La variabilidad de TA en el periodo interdiálisis. 3. La TAD prediálisis es la que mejor concordancia presenta con el MAPA. 4. La utilización conjunta de la BIS y el MAPA mejora el control de la TA. 5. La dosis de EPO es el factor más importante asociado a la HTA en nuestros pacientes

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is very common in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goals of our research were to: 1. Measure blood pressure (BP) during HD sessions; 2. Study BP in between HD sessions with 44-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM); 3. Identify differences between the BP recorded during HD and with the ABPM; 4. Evaluate changes in treatment after the ABPM; 5. Perform bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on all patients and, in those hyper-hydrated or hypertensive according to ABPM, assess for changes in BP after adjusting the dry weight; 6. Identify factors associated with average systolic and diastolic BP measured by ABPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study, which included 100 patients from our dialysis unit. We measured BP before and after the HD sessions for two weeks and then, mid-week, we attached the ABPM device to the patients for 44 hours. Before starting the following dialysis session, we performed BIS. A second ABPM was performed on hyper-hydrated patients and patients hypertensive according to ABPM to evaluate changes in BP values. RESULTS: According to the ABPM, 65% of patients had daytime BP > 135/85 mmHg, 90% night-time BP > 120/70 mmHg and 76% average BP > 130/80 mmHg; 11% had a dipper pattern, 51% non-dipper and 38% riser. The average systolic and diastolic BP readings were 4.7 mmHg (3.8%) and 1.1 mmHg (1.64%) higher on the second day. The dose of antihypertensive medication had to be lowered in 6% of patients, 9% had to stop taking it, 28% needed increased doses and 17% had to add a new drug. The pre-HD diastolic BP best matched the ABPM. After performing the bioimpedance and adjusting dry weight, there was a statistically significant decrease in all BP values. The univariate analysis showed that the average systolic BP was higher in patients with a high-calcium dialysis bath, more antihypertensive drugs and higher doses of EPO. The multivariate analysis showed significant association for EPO and number of drugs (p < 0.01). The average diastolic BP was higher in younger patients and patients with lower Charlson index, lower body mass index and less diuresis, those on higher doses of EPO and non-diabetics. The linear regression study showed age (p < 0.005), body mass index (p < 0.03) and EPO (p < 0.03) as significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows: 1. The variability of hypertension criteria according to use of BP values from during the HD session or ABPM; 2. The variability of BP in the interdialysis period; 3. That the pre-dialysis diastolic BP best corresponds with the ABPM. 4. That the use of both BIS and ABPM improves the control of BP; 5. That the dose of EPO is the most important factor associated with hypertension in our patients

Multidisciplinary nutritional consensus on assessment and nutritional dietary treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The presence of malnutrition in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is high, it can be made worse by SARS-CoV2 infection. The nutritional assessment should be adapted to minimize the infection, recommending monitoring: weight loss percentage, body mass index (BMI), loss of appetite, analytical parameters and functional capacity using the dynamometer. As well as the sarcopenia assessment using the SCARF scale, and the possibility of using the GLIM criteria in those patients who have been tested positive by MUST. It is important to adapt the nutritional recommendations in the caloric and protein intake, to the CKD stage and to the SARS-CoV2 infection stage. In patients with hypercatabolism, to prioritize preserving the nutritional status (35 kcal/kg weight/day, proteins up to 1.5 g/kg/day). The rest of the nutrients will be adapted to CKD stage and the analytical values. In the post-infection stage, a complete nutritional assessment is recommended, including sarcopenia. The energy and protein requirements in this phase will be adapted to the nutritional status, with special attention to the loss of muscle mass. Dietary recommendations need to be tailored to side effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: anorexia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and diarrhea. Anorexia and hypercatabolism makes it difficult to meet the requirements through diet, therefore the use of oral nutritional supplements is recommended as well as the enteral or parenteral nutrition in severe phases.

Usefulness of ABPM and bioimpedance for the treatment and control of hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is very common in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goals of our research were to: 1. Measure blood pressure (BP) during HD sessions; 2. Study BP in between HD sessions with 44-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM); 3. Evaluate changes in treatment after the ABPM; 4. Perform bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on all patients and, in those hyper-hydrated or hypertensive according to ABPM, assess for changes in BP after adjusting the dry weight; 5. Identify factors associated with average systolic and diastolic BP measured by ABPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study, which included 100 patients from our dialysis unit. We measured BP before and after the HD sessions for two weeks and then, mid-week, we attached the ABPM device to the patients for 44 h. Before starting the following dialysis session, we performed BIS. A second ABPM was performed on hyper-hydrated patients and patients hypertensive according to ABPM to evaluate changes in BP values. RESULTS: According to the ABPM, 65% of patients had daytime BP > 135/85 mmHg, 90% night-time BP > 120/70 mmHg and 76% average BP > 130/80 mmHg; 11% had a dipper pattern, 51% non-dipper and 38% riser. The average systolic and diastolic BP readings were 4.7 mmHg (3.8%) and 1.1 mmHg (1.64%) higher on the second day. The dose of antihypertensive medication had to be lowered in 6% of patients, 9% had to stop taking it, 28% needed increased doses and 17% had to add a new drug. The pre-HD diastolic BP best matched the ABPM. After performing the bioimpedance and adjusting dry weight, there was a statistically significant decrease in all BP values. The univariate analysis showed that the average systolic BP was higher in patients with a high-calcium dialysis bath, more antihypertensive drugs and higher doses of EPO. The multivariate analysis showed significant association for EPO and number of drugs (p < 0.01). The average diastolic BP was higher in younger patients and patients with lower Charlson index, lower body mass index and less diuresis, those on higher doses of EPO and non-diabetics. The linear regression study showed age (p < 0.005), body mass index (p < 0.03) and EPO (p < 0.03) as significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows: 1. The variability of hypertension criteria according to use of BP values from during the HD session or ABPM; 2. The variability of BP in the interdialysis period; 3. That the pre-dialysis diastolic BP best corresponds with the ABPM. 4. That the use of both BIS and ABPM improves the control of BP; 5. That the dose of EPO is the most important factor associated with hypertension in our patients.

Usefulness of ABPM and bioimpedance for the treatment and control of hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis. / Utilidad del MAPA y bioimpedancia para el tratamiento y control de la HTA en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is very common in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goals of our research were to: 1. Measure blood pressure (BP) during HD sessions; 2. Study BP in between HD sessions with 44-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM); 3. Identify differences between the BP recorded during HD and with the ABPM; 4. Evaluate changes in treatment after the ABPM; 5. Perform bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on all patients and, in those hyper-hydrated or hypertensive according to ABPM, assess for changes in BP after adjusting the dry weight; 6. Identify factors associated with average systolic and diastolic BP measured by ABPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study, which included 100 patients from our dialysis unit. We measured BP before and after the HD sessions for two weeks and then, mid-week, we attached the ABPM device to the patients for 44 hours. Before starting the following dialysis session, we performed BIS. A second ABPM was performed on hyper-hydrated patients and patients hypertensive according to ABPM to evaluate changes in BP values. RESULTS: According to the ABPM, 65% of patients had daytime BP > 135/85 mmHg, 90% night-time BP > 120/70 mmHg and 76% average BP > 130/80 mmHg; 11% had a dipper pattern, 51% non-dipper and 38% riser. The average systolic and diastolic BP readings were 4.7 mmHg (3.8%) and 1.1 mmHg (1.64%) higher on the second day. The dose of antihypertensive medication had to be lowered in 6% of patients, 9% had to stop taking it, 28% needed increased doses and 17% had to add a new drug. The pre-HD diastolic BP best matched the ABPM. After performing the bioimpedance and adjusting dry weight, there was a statistically significant decrease in all BP values. The univariate analysis showed that the average systolic BP was higher in patients with a high-calcium dialysis bath, more antihypertensive drugs and higher doses of EPO. The multivariate analysis showed significant association for EPO and number of drugs (p < 0.01). The average diastolic BP was higher in younger patients and patients with lower Charlson index, lower body mass index and less diuresis, those on higher doses of EPO and non-diabetics. The linear regression study showed age (p < 0.005), body mass index (p < 0.03) and EPO (p < 0.03) as significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows: 1. The variability of hypertension criteria according to use of BP values from during the HD session or ABPM; 2. The variability of BP in the interdialysis period; 3. That the pre-dialysis diastolic BP best corresponds with the ABPM. 4. That the use of both BIS and ABPM improves the control of BP; 5. That the dose of EPO is the most important factor associated with hypertension in our patients.

Recomendaciones dietéticas para pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Dietary recommendations for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection

La prevalencia de malnutrición en paciente con Enfermedad Renal Crónica es elevada, aumentando en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. La relación existente entre inflamación y nutrición es conocida en la enfermedad renal, por lo que la presencia previa de cuadros de malnutrición empeora el pronóstico de la infección. El objetivo del presente artículo es la creación de recomendaciones dietéticas específicas para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e infección o post-infección por SARS-CoV-2, adaptadas al estadio de enfermedad y a la etapa del proceso de infección. El abordaje nutricional comienza por la valoración del estado nutricional, para lo que se recomiendan minimizar el contacto físico mediante la utilización de los criterios Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM), y el cuestionario rápido de sarcopenia (SARC-F). Las recomendaciones dietéticas deben considerar el estadio de enfermedad renal crónica, la etapa de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y las complicaciones surgidas que comprometan la ingesta oral, entre las más comunes se encuentran: anorexia, ageusia, disfagia y diarrea. En el presente documento se han elaborado tablas de raciones de ingestas diarias adaptadas a las diferentes situaciones. En aquellos pacientes que no cubran los requerimientos nutricionales se recomienda comenzar con la suplementación nutricional de manera precoz, considerando las consecuencias de la infección descrita. Debido al elevado riesgo de malnutrición en pacientes con enfermedad renal cónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2, se recomienda la adaptación de la valoración del estado nutricional y su tratamiento, así como realizar una monitorización tras la fase de infección activa

The prevalence of malnutrition in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease is high, increasing in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The relationship between inflammation and nutrition in kidney disease is known, so the previous presence of malnutrition conditions worsens the prognosis of infection. The objective of this article is the creation of specific dietary recommendations for patients with chronic kidney disease and infection or post-infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, adapted to the stage of the disease and the stage of the infection process. The nutritional approach begins with the assessment of nutritional status, recommending minimizing physical contact through the use of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria and the rapid sarcopenia questionnaire (SARC-F). The dietary recommendations should consider the stage of chronic kidney disease, the stage of infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the complications arising that compromise oral intake, among the most common are: anorexia, ageusia, dysphagia and diarrhea. In this document, tables of daily intakes have been prepared adapted to different situations. In those patients who do not meet the nutritional requirements, it is recommended to start with an early nutritional supplementation, considering the consequences of the infection described. Due to the high risk of malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is recommended to adapt the assessment of nutritional status and treatment, as well as to carry out monitoring after the active infection phase

Recommendations for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease: a position statement by the Spanish association of the liver and the kidney.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main causes of liver cirrhosis worldwide. The long-term impact of HCV infection is highly variable, ranging from minimal histological changes to extensive fibrosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. The development of HCV drugs has increased dramatically in recent years, even in special populations such as chronic kidney disease patients. Classical treatment of chronic hepatitis C was based on the administration of interferon and ribavirin for 24-48 weeks, which was associated with a poor viral response and a high rate of side effects, especially in patients with a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. The current high availability of the new direct-acting antivirals renders the classification of these agents for this special population necessary. The Spanish Association of the Liver and the Kidney has produced a position statement on the treatment of HCV infection in chronic kidney disease patients since the evidence to guide this treatment is scant and what evidence does exist is weak. The recommendations are based on the results of clinical trials and controlled studies conducted to date, with data published hitherto by the authors of these studies. Since the indications for treatment have been evaluated by other societies or are dependent on internal clinical protocols, the main goal of this position statement is to assist in decision-making when choosing a therapeutic option.

Estudio multicéntrico español PIBHE: prevalencia e inmunización de la infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis B en pacientes en hemodiálisis en España / Spanish multicentre PIBHE study: Prevalence and immunization of chronic hepatitis B in haemodialysis patients in Spain

Introducción: El estudio PIBHE, promovido por la Asociación Española de Hígado y Riñón y el Grupo de Virus en Diálisis de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología, es el primer estudio que determina la situación de los pacientes en hemodiálisis con infección crónica por el VHB y la inmunización frente a la vacuna. Método: Estudio nacional multicéntrico, observacional, de corte transversal, entre enero de 2013 y de 2014. Se envió un cuaderno de recogida de datos a todos los servicios de nefrología y unidades extrahospitalarias de hemodiálisis de España, para que lo cumplimentaran a partir de la historia clínica del paciente, tras consentimiento informado. Los datos se incluyeron en una base central. Resultados: Participaron 215 centros (15.645 pacientes), con una prevalencia del VHB del 1,03%. El 7,2% de los pacientes VHB(+) estaba coinfectado por el VHC o VIH. La carga viral era inferior a 2.000 UI/ml en el 80%. Los niveles de GOT y GPT fueron de 19,1±10,1 y 15,9±9,6 UI/ml, respectivamente. La biopsia hepática se había realizado en el 7,1%. El 30% había recibido tratamiento antiviral, que se había suspendido en el 12,5%. El más empleado había sido entecavir (13,3%), seguido de lamivudina (10%), adefovir y tenofovir (6,7%) e interferón (3,3%). El 34,5% era candidato a trasplante renal y el 6,9% no había sido evaluado. Se encontraban en seguimiento por un digestólogo el 64,3%. No había sido vacunado el 27,2% de los pacientes VHB(−) sin inmunización. Se emplearon 14 pautas distintas de vacunación, con un 58,8% de inmunización. La media de anti-HBs se situaba en 165,7±297,8mUI/ml. El 72,7% de los pacientes había recibido un ciclo de vacunación; el 26,4%, 2 ciclos; el 1,0%, 3 ciclos y el 11,6%, una dosis de recuerdo. El 28,3% tuvo una respuesta pobre (anti-HBs 10-99mUI/ml); el 22,4%, una respuesta óptima (anti-HBs 100-999mUI/ml); y el 7,9%, una respuesta excelente (anti-HBs≥1.000mUI/ml). La edad se asoció significativamente con la respuesta a la vacunación, de manera que los pacientes que no respondieron tenían una edad media significativamente mayor que los pacientes que obtuvieron cualquier tipo de respuesta (p<0,05). La mayor probabilidad de conseguir una respuesta inmunitaria se alcanzaba con 4 dosis de 40mcg de vacuna adyuvada (OR: 7,3; IC 95%: 3,4-15,7), a igualdad de edad y número de revacunaciones y recuerdos. La edad, la vacuna adyuvada, la dosis y el esquema de vacunación influían en la respuesta inmunitaria y en el título de anti-HBs alcanzado (p<0,05). Conclusión: La prevalencia de la infección crónica por el VHB en hemodiálisis en España es baja, así como las tasas de inmunización frente a este virus. Los esquemas de vacunación empleados son muy diversos y se han correlacionado con la respuesta inmunitaria, por lo que sería necesario protocolizar la pauta más eficaz para aumentar la inmunización en estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction: The PIBHE study, promoted by the Spanish Liver and Kidney Association and the Dialysis Virus Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, is the first study to determine the status of haemodialysis patients with chronic HBV infection and the immunisation against the vaccine. Method: The study has a national multicentre, observational, cross-sectional design and was carried out between January 2013 and 2014. A data collection folder was sent to all the nephrology departments and outpatient haemodialysis units in Spain, to be completed based on patient medical files after informed consent. The data were recorded in a central database. Results: A total of 215 centres participated (15,645 patients), with an HBV prevalence of 1.03%. HCV or HIV was present in 7.2% of the HBV(+) patients. Viral load was below 2,000 IU/ml in 80%. GOT and GPT levels were 19.1±10.1 and 15.9±9.6 IU/ml, respectively. Liver biopsy was performed in 7.1%. Antiviral treatment was prescribed in 30% and suspended in 12.5%: entecavir (13.3%), lamivudine (10%), adefovir and tenofovir (6.7%), and interferon (3.3%). A total of 34.5% were candidates for renal transplantation and 6.9% had not been evaluated; 64.3% were followed up by a gastroenterologist; 27.2% of HBV(−) patients without immunisation had not been vaccinated. Fourteen different immunisation schedules had been used, with an immunisation rate of 58.8%. Mean anti-HBs stood at 165.7±297.8mIU/ml. A total of 72.7% of patients had received a vaccination course; 26.4%, 2 cycles; 1.0%, 3 cycles; and 11.6%, a booster dose. A total of 28.3% had a poor response (anti-HBs 10-99mIU/ml); 22.4%, an optimal response (anti-HBs 100-999mIU/ml); and 7.9%, an excellent response (anti-HBs ≥ 1,000mIU/ml). Age was significantly associated with response to vaccination; the mean age of nonresponders was significantly higher than patients who had a response of any kind (P<.05). The highest probability of an immune response was achieved with 4 doses of 40 mcg of adjuvanted vaccine (OR: 7.3; 95% CI 3.4 to 15.7), for the same age and number of cycles and boosters. Age, adjuvanted vaccine, dose and vaccination schedule influenced the immune response and the anti-HBs titres reached (P<.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in haemodialysis in Spain is low and so are the rates of immunisation against the virus. The vaccination schedules used are very diverse and have been observed to correlate with the immune response. It would therefore be necessary to establish a protocol for the most effective vaccination schedule to increase immunisation in these patients (AU)

Spanish multicentre PIBHE study: Prevalence and immunization of chronic hepatitis B in haemodialysis patients in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: The PIBHE study, promoted by the Spanish Liver and Kidney Association and the Dialysis Virus Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, is the first study to determine the status of haemodialysis patients with chronic HBV infection and the immunisation against the vaccine. METHOD: The study has a national multicentre, observational, cross-sectional design and was carried out between January 2013 and 2014. A data collection folder was sent to all the nephrology departments and outpatient haemodialysis units in Spain, to be completed based on patient medical files after informed consent. The data were recorded in a central database. RESULTS: A total of 215 centres participated (15,645 patients), with an HBV prevalence of 1.03%. HCV or HIV was present in 7.2% of the HBV(+) patients. Viral load was below 2,000 IU/ml in 80%. GOT and GPT levels were 19.1±10.1 and 15.9±9.6 IU/ml, respectively. Liver biopsy was performed in 7.1%. Antiviral treatment was prescribed in 30% and suspended in 12.5%: entecavir (13.3%), lamivudine (10%), adefovir and tenofovir (6.7%), and interferon (3.3%). A total of 34.5% were candidates for renal transplantation and 6.9% had not been evaluated; 64.3% were followed up by a gastroenterologist; 27.2% of HBV(-) patients without immunisation had not been vaccinated. Fourteen different immunisation schedules had been used, with an immunisation rate of 58.8%. Mean anti-HBs stood at 165.7±297.8mIU/ml. A total of 72.7% of patients had received a vaccination course; 26.4%, 2 cycles; 1.0%, 3 cycles; and 11.6%, a booster dose. A total of 28.3% had a poor response (anti-HBs 10-99mIU/ml); 22.4%, an optimal response (anti-HBs 100-999mIU/ml); and 7.9%, an excellent response (anti-HBs ≥ 1,000mIU/ml). Age was significantly associated with response to vaccination; the mean age of nonresponders was significantly higher than patients who had a response of any kind (P<.05). The highest probability of an immune response was achieved with 4 doses of 40 mcg of adjuvanted vaccine (OR: 7.3; 95% CI 3.4 to 15.7), for the same age and number of cycles and boosters. Age, adjuvanted vaccine, dose and vaccination schedule influenced the immune response and the anti-HBs titres reached (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in haemodialysis in Spain is low and so are the rates of immunisation against the virus. The vaccination schedules used are very diverse and have been observed to correlate with the immune response. It would therefore be necessary to establish a protocol for the most effective vaccination schedule to increase immunisation in these patients.

Evolución del virus de la hepatitis C oculto tras inmunosupresión en enfermedad renal crónica avanzada / The evolution of occult Hepatitis C Virus after immunosuppression in advanced CKD patients

No disponible

Hemodiálisis domiciliaria en España / Home haemodialysis in Spain

No disponible

La respuesta a darbepoetina-alfa está modulada por el binomio nutrición inflamación en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Darbepoetin-alpha responsiveness is modulated by malnutrition-inflammation binomial in hemodialysis patients

La anemia es un desorden multifactorial que aumenta la mortalidad en pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la relación entre el índice de resistencia a la eritropoyesis (IRE) con marcadores nutricionales-inflamatorios, y analizar si estos factores modulaban la respuesta a darbepoetina-alfa en 60 pacientes en HD. La muestra fue clasificada en terciles (Tn) de IRE: respondedores (T1), respondedores intermedios (T2), e hiporrespondedores (T3). La hiporrespuesta a darbepoetina-alfa se relacionó con depleción de la masa muscular, hipoalbuminemia y síndrome de malnutrición-inflamación. La proteína C-reactiva, escala de malnutrición-inflamación y la prealbúmina sérica (P<0,05) fueron predictores independiente del IRE. La respuesta a darbepoetina-alfa está modulada, entre otros factores, por el binomio nutrición-inflamación elevando considerablemente el coste sanitario en pacientes en HD

Anemia is a multifactorial disorder which increases mortality in hemodialysis patients (HD). The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the erythropoiesis responsiveness index (ERI) with nutritional and inflammatory markers, and to analyze whether those factors modulating the response to darbepoetin-alpha in 60 HD patients. The sample was classified into ERI tertiles (Tn): responsiveness (T1), mild responsiveness (T2), hyporesponsiveness (T3). Hyporesponsiveness to darbepoetin-alpha was significantly associated with muscle wasting, lower serum albumin levels and malnutrition-inflammation. C-reactive protein, malnutrition-inflammation score, and serum prealbumin were independent predictors of the ERI (P<0.05). Responsiveness to darbepoetin-alpha is modulated by malnutrition-inflammation binomial which raises the cost-health in HD patients

Definiendo el síndrome de desgaste proteico energético en la enfermedad renal crónica: prevalencia e implicaciones clínicas / Defining protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: prevalence and clinical implications

La presencia de malnutrición es bien conocida en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). El descubrimiento en los últimos 15 años de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que desencadenan este proceso, tales como la anorexia, el aumento del catabolismo proteico y la inflamación, ha generado la necesidad de una nueva denominación por la Sociedad Renal Internacional de Nutrición y Metabolismo (ISRNM): protein energy wasting syndrome (PEW). Los objetivos de este documento son proponer la utilización del término «desgaste proteico energético» (DPE) como una traducción más fiel del término anglosajón y actualizar los mecanismos patogénicos implicados que son inherentes al DPE. Simultáneamente revisamos las últimas evidencias epidemiológicas que ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de la malnutrición y su impacto tanto en la mortalidad como en la morbilidad en la ERC. Por último, destacamos la necesidad de redefinir los criterios diagnósticos del DPE para que sean aplicables a la población española con ERC. Los criterios establecidos por la ISRNM creemos que no son extrapolables a diferentes poblaciones, como ocurre por ejemplo con las diferencias antropométricas interraciales (AU)

The presence of malnutrition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well-known. The discovery in the last 15 years of pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to this process, such as anorexia, the increase of protein catabolism and inflammation, has created the need for a new name by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM): protein-energy wasting syndrome (PEW). This document's objectives are to propose the use of the term "desgaste proteico energético" (DPE) as a more accurate translation of the English term and to update the pathogenic mechanisms involved that are inherent to DPE (PEW). We simultaneously review the latest epidemiological evidence that highlight the relevance of malnutrition and its impact both on mortality and morbidity in CKD. Finally, we point out the need to redefine DPE (PEW) diagnostic criteria so that they are applicable to the Spanish population with CKD. We do not think that the criteria established by the ISRNM can be extrapolated to different populations, as is the case, for example, with interracial anthropometric differences (AU)

Defining protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: prevalence and clinical implications.

The presence of malnutrition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well-known. The discovery in the last 15 years of pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to this process, such as anorexia, the increase of protein catabolism and inflammation, has created the need for a new name by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM): protein-energy wasting syndrome (PEW). This document's objectives are to propose the use of the term "desgaste proteico energético" (DPE) as a more accurate translation of the English term and to update the pathogenic mechanisms involved that are inherent to DPE (PEW). We simultaneously review the latest epidemiological evidence that highlight the relevance of malnutrition and its impact both on mortality and morbidity in CKD. Finally, we point out the need to redefine DPE (PEW) diagnostic criteria so that they are applicable to the Spanish population with CKD. We do not think that the criteria established by the ISRNM can be extrapolated to different populations, as is the case, for example, with interracial anthropometric differences.

Tablas de ratio fósforo/proteína de alimentos para población española. Utilidad en la enfermedad renal crónica / Table showing dietary phosphorus/protein ratio for the Spanish population. Usefulness in chronic kidney disease

Antecedentes: Las guías K/DOQI recomiendan el uso del ratio fósforo/proteína de los alimentos para un buen control del fósforo de la dieta. Existe evidencia de tablas con el ratio fósforo/proteína. No existe hasta el momento una tabla de alimentos habituales en la población española con la estimación del ratio. Objetivos: Estimar el ratio fósforo/proteína de alimentos de uso general en la población española y establecer su utilidad en la selección de alimentos para los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Método: Las tablas con el ratio fósforo/proteína se han elaborado a partir de dos fuentes de datos de composición de alimentos españolas. Se ha considerado la composición química por cada 100 g de alimento crudo. Las tablas no incluyen el fósforo de los aditivos. No se eliminaron los alimentos con ratio fósforo/proteína elevado para poder establecer una comparación entre los distintos alimentos de cada grupo. Resultados: Se encuentran comprendidos en las tablas. Conclusiones: La prescripción dietética de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica debería tener en consideración no solo el valor absoluto de fósforo del alimento en cuestión, sino también el ratio fósforo/proteína de cada alimento y el total de la dieta. Cuanto más «natural» sea la dieta, más fácil será que alcance un ratio fósforo/proteína aceptable y mayor probabilidad de ser menor de 16 mg/g, no aumentando la morbimortalidad. Resulta evidente la necesidad de establecer un programa educativo sobre fuentes de fósforo y nutrición en el que la tabla pueda ser una herramienta útil para el equipo multidisciplinar que atiende al enfermo renal (AU)

Background: The K/DOQI guidelines recommend the use of phosphorus/protein food ratios for proper control of dietary phosphorus. Evidence exists from tables with phosphorus to protein ratios for common foods. No such table exists for common foods consumed by the Spanish population with ratio estimations. Objectives: To estimate the phosphorus to protein ratio in foods commonly used by the Spanish population and to establish its usefulness in the selection of foods for patients with chronic kidney disease. Method: Tables with the phosphorus to protein ratio were prepared from two data sources concerning Spanish food composition. We evaluated chemical composition per 100g of raw food. The tables do not include phosphorus additives. No foods with high ratio of phosphorus to protein were eliminated in order to allow comparisons between different foods from each group. Results: Shown in the tables. Conclusions: The dietary prescription for patients with chronic kidney disease should take into consideration not only the absolute phosphorus value of food consumed, but also the phosphorus to protein ratio of each food and the total amount of phosphorus in the diet. The more "natural" a diet is, the more likely that the patient will reach an acceptable phosphorus to protein ratio of less than 16mg/g, which does not increase mortality. There is clearly a need for an educational program on nutrition and phosphorus sources in which food ratio tables could be a useful tool for the multidisciplinary teams caring for renal patients (AU)

Table showing dietary phosphorus/protein ratio for the Spanish population. Usefulness in chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: The K/DOQI guidelines recommend the use of phosphorus/protein food ratios for proper control of dietary phosphorus. Evidence exists from tables with phosphorus to protein ratios for common foods. No such table exists for common foods consumed by the Spanish population with ratio estimations. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the phosphorus to protein ratio in foods commonly used by the Spanish population and to establish its usefulness in the selection of foods for patients with chronic kidney disease. METHOD: Tables with the phosphorus to protein ratio were prepared from two data sources concerning Spanish food composition. We evaluated chemical composition per 100g of raw food. The tables do not include phosphorus additives. No foods with high ratio of phosphorus to protein were eliminated in order to allow comparisons between different foods from each group. RESULTS: Shown in the tables. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary prescription for patients with chronic kidney disease should take into consideration not only the absolute phosphorus value of food consumed, but also the phosphorus to protein ratio of each food and the total amount of phosphorus in the diet. The more "natural" a diet is, the more likely that the patient will reach an acceptable phosphorus to protein ratio of less than 16mg/g, which does not increase mortality. There is clearly a need for an educational program on nutrition and phosphorus sources in which food ratio tables could be a useful tool for the multidisciplinary teams caring for renal patients.